TRIUMPH-3 extension data: what happens after the trial stops
A design note rather than a result: what the comparator was, and what that permits you to conclude.
Clinical Trials — 2025
What was randomised, what was measured, what was concluded.
A reference interval is not a target, and a result outside one is not a diagnosis
Almost every misreading of a laboratory panel is a misunderstanding of what a reference interval is and how much a result has to move before the movement means anything.
SURMOUNT-4 extension data: what happens after the trial stops
A design note rather than a result: what the comparator was, and what that permits you to conclude.
Measuring more frequently generates more flags and not more information
The argument for a baseline panel is that it makes every subsequent result interpretable. The argument against frequent monitoring is that noise accumulates faster than…
STEP 2 misses on a secondary endpoint the coverage has not mentioned
A design note rather than a result: what the comparator was, and what that permits you to conclude.
SURMOUNT-1 extension data: what happens after the trial stops
A design note rather than a result: what the comparator was, and what that permits you to conclude.
The supply gap as a clinical event
Real-world persistence figures, with their definitions stated, because the definitions are doing most of the work.
TRIUMPH-1 extension data: what happens after the trial stops
A design note rather than a result: what the comparator was, and what that permits you to conclude.
The skeleton responds to load, and load is falling
Density is a proxy for strength and an imperfect one, particularly when soft-tissue thickness over the measurement site is changing.
Fructosamine, glycated albumin, and the shorter window nobody orders
The alternatives with shorter windows, what they measure, and why they are rarely ordered.
SURPASS-3 extension data: what happens after the trial stops
A design note rather than a result: what the comparator was, and what that permits you to conclude.
SUSTAIN-6 misses on a secondary endpoint the coverage has not mentioned
A design note rather than a result: what the comparator was, and what that permits you to conclude.
Load, not cardio: the distinction the general advice keeps losing
The recommendation survives scrutiny. The reasoning offered for it frequently does not.
STEP 4 misses on a secondary endpoint the coverage has not mentioned
A design note rather than a result: what the comparator was, and what that permits you to conclude.
LEADER misses on a secondary endpoint the coverage has not mentioned
A design note rather than a result: what the comparator was, and what that permits you to conclude.
The out-of-range flag is a statistical convention with a printer attached
A flag is a probability statement about a population. It is not a statement about the person holding the printout.
TRIUMPH-1 extension data: what happens after the trial stops
A design note rather than a result: what the comparator was, and what that permits you to conclude.
REWIND misses on a secondary endpoint the coverage has not mentioned
A design note rather than a result: what the comparator was, and what that permits you to conclude.
TRIUMPH-3 misses on a secondary endpoint the coverage has not mentioned
A design note rather than a result: what the comparator was, and what that permits you to conclude.
What a low result means when intake has halved
Reduced intake is a plausible mechanism for deficiency. Reduced absorption is not, and the two are conflated in most of the advice.